![]() ![]() Data from the recent Energy Progress Report (2018) on Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which calls for affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030, indicates that the pace of clean household fuel transition is severely lagging. The reliance on polluting fuels (primarily wood, dung, crop residues, charcoal, and kerosene) used in simple devices to meet household energy needs is a leading cause of household air pollution (HAP), which contributes to significant morbidity from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and results in millions of deaths worldwide ( GBD 2016 Risk Factor Collaborators, 2017). Nearly three billion people, predominantly living in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and overwhelmingly rural (90%) and poor, lack access to clean cooking methods ( Bonjour et al 2013, IBRD/World Bank 20). In 2016, an estimated 59% of the global population had access to clean cookstoves and fuels, a marginal increase since 2014 ( IBRD/World Bank 2018). Seven principles for clean cooking system program design and policy are presented, focused on a shift toward “cleaner stacking” that could yield household air pollution reductions approaching WHO targets. Future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the realities of stacking and incorporate strategies at the design stage to transition away from polluting stoves/fuels. Thus more attention should be paid to discontinuation of traditional stove use, not solely adoption of cleaner stoves/fuels. National household surveys often focus on ‘primary’ cookstoves and miss stove stacking data. ![]() Reason for traditional fuel use includes: costs of clean fuel mismatches between cooking technologies and household needs and unreliable fuel supply. Significant (28%-100%) stacking with traditional cooking methods was observed in all cases. Thematic analysis identify key drivers of stove stacking behavior in each setting. Analyzed data are from ministry and program records, research studies, and informant interviews. ![]() This review synthesizes stove stacking data gathered from eleven case studies of clean cooking programs in low/middle-income country settings. Using biomass-burning stoves alongside clean stoves undermines health and environmental goals. Stove stacking (concurrent use of multiple stoves and/or fuels) is a poorly quantified practice in regions where efforts to transition household energy to cleaner stoves/or fuels are on-going. ![]()
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